Cardinal and Theological Virtues by, 1511Virtue (:,: ἀρετή ') is. A virtue is a trait or quality that is deemed to be morally and thus is as a foundation of and good moral being. Personal virtues are characteristics as promoting collective and individual greatness. In other words, it is a behavior that shows high moral standards. Doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong. The opposite of virtue is.The four classic cardinal virtues in are temperance, prudence, courage, and justice.
The List of Virtues. Loyalty Steadfast in allegiance to one's homeland, government, or sovereign. Faithful to a person, ideal, custom, cause, or duty. Magnanimity The virtue of being great of mind and heart. It encompasses, usually, a refusal to be petty, a willingness to face danger, and actions for noble purposes. A List of The 52 Virtues. Here are the 52 virtues that have inspired the 52 Virtues Project. They are taken from 'The Virtues Project Educator's Guide: Simple.
Christianity derives the three theological virtues of faith, hope and love (charity) from 1 Corinthians. Together these make up the. Buddhism's four ('Divine States') can be regarded as virtues in the European sense.
According to 's book, the Japanese code is characterized by eight main virtues, including honesty, heroic courage, and righteousness. To, personified the virtue of. Her feather represents truth.During Egyptian civilization, or Ma'at (thought to have been pronounced.muʔ.ʕat), also spelled māt or mayet, was the concept of,. Maat was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities. The deities set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment of creation. Her (ideological) counterpart was, who symbolized, lies, and injustice.
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Greco-Roman antiquity. Main article:Buddhist practice as outlined in the can be regarded as a progressive list of virtues. Right View - Realizing the (samyag-vyāyāma, sammā-vāyāma).
Right Mindfulness - Mental ability to see things for what they are with clear consciousness (samyak-smṛti, sammā-sati). Right Concentration - Wholesome one-pointedness of mind (samyak-samādhi, sammā-samādhi).Buddhism's four ('Divine States') can be more properly regarded as virtues in the European sense. Main article:Virtue is a much debated and an evolving concept in ancient scriptures of Hinduism. The essence, need and value of virtue is explained in Hindu philosophy as something that cannot be imposed, but something that is realized and voluntarily lived up to by each individual. For example, explained it thus: 'virtue and vice do not go about saying - here we are!; neither the Gods, Gandharvas, nor ancestors can convince us - this is right, this is wrong; virtue is an elusive concept, it demands careful and sustained reflection by every man and woman before it can become part of one's life.Virtues lead to (: पुण्य, holy living) in Hindu literature; while vices lead to pap (Sanskrit: पाप, ). Sometimes, the word punya is used interchangeably with virtue.The virtues that constitute a life - that is a moral, ethical, virtuous life - evolve in. Over time, new virtues were conceptualized and added by ancient Hindu scholars, some replaced, others merged.
For example, initially listed ten virtues necessary for a human being to live a dharmic life: Dhriti (courage), Kshama , Dama (temperance), Asteya (Non-covetousness/Non-stealing), Saucha (inner purity), Indriyani-graha (control of senses), dhi (reflective prudence), vidya (wisdom), satyam (truthfulness), (freedom from anger). In later verses, this list was reduced to five virtues by the same scholar, by merging and creating a more broader concept. The shorter list of virtues became: Ahimsa , Dama , Asteya (Non-covetousness/Non-stealing), Saucha (inner purity), Satyam (truthfulness).The - considered one of the epitomes of historic Hindu discussion of virtues and an allegorical debate on what is right and what is wrong - argues some virtues are not necessarily always absolute, but sometimes relational; for example, it explains a virtue such as must be re-examined when one is faced with war or violence from the aggressiveness, immaturity or ignorance of others. Main articles: andIn Islam, the is believed to be the literal word of God, and the definitive description of virtue while is considered an ideal example of virtue in human form.
The foundation of Islamic understanding of virtue was the understanding and interpretation of the Quran and the practices of Muhammad. Its meaning has always been in context of active submission to God performed by the community in unison. The motive force is the notion that believers are to ' ( al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar) in all spheres of life ( ).
Another key factor is the belief that mankind has been God's will and to abide by it. This faculty most crucially involves reflecting over the meaning of existence.
Therefore, regardless of their environment, humans are believed to have a to submit to God's will. Muhammad's preaching produced a 'radical change in based on the sanctions of the new religion and the present religion, and fear of God and of the Last Judgment'. Later expanded the religious ethics of the scriptures in immense detail.In the (Islamic traditions), it is reported by An-Nawwas bin Sam'an:The Prophet Muhammad said, 'Virtue is good manner, and sin is that which creates doubt and you do not like people to know it.' The torch bearer of.In, attainment of is possible only if the seeker possesses certain virtues. All are supposed to take up the five vows of (non violence), (truthfulness), (non stealing), (non attachment) and (celibacy) before becoming a monk. These vows are laid down by the. Other virtues which are supposed to be followed by both monks as well as laypersons include forgiveness, humility, self-restraint and straightforwardness.
These vows assists the seeker to escape from the karmic bondages thereby escaping the cycle of birth and death to attain liberation. Main article:Loving God and obeying his laws, in particular the, are central to Jewish conceptions of virtue.
Wisdom is personified in the first eight chapters of the and is not only the source of virtue but is depicted as the first and best creation of God (Proverbs 8:12-31).A classic articulation of the Golden Rule came from the first century. Renowned in the Jewish tradition as a sage and a scholar, he is associated with the development of the and the and, as such, one of the most important figures in. Asked for a summary of the Jewish religion in the most concise terms, Hillel replied (reputedly while standing on one leg): 'That which is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah.
The rest is commentary; go and learn.' Samurai virtue In, Yamamoto Tsunetomo encapsulates his views on 'virtue' in the four vows he makes daily:. Never to be outdone in the way of the samurai or.
To be of good use to the master. To be filial to my parents. To manifest great compassion and act for the sake of Man.Yamamoto goes on to say:If one dedicates these four vows to the gods and Buddhas every morning, he will have the strength of two men and never slip backward. One must edge forward like the inchworm, bit by bit. The gods and Buddhas, too, first started with a vow.The Bushidō code is typified by seven virtues:. Rectitude (義,gi).
Courage (勇,yuu). Benevolence (仁,jin).
Respect (礼,rei). Honesty (誠,sei). Honor (誉,yo). Loyalty (忠,chuu)Others that are sometimes added to these:. Filial piety (孝,kō).
Wisdom (智,chi). Care for the aged (悌,tei)Philosophers' views. Virtue, spear in hand, with her foot on the prostrate form of on theThese are the virtues that used to develop what he called 'moral perfection'. He had a checklist in a notebook to measure each day how he lived up to his virtues.They became known through.
Temperance: Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation. Silence: Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling Conversation.: Let all your Things have their Places. Let each Part of your Business have its Time. Resolution: Resolve to perform what you ought. Perform without fail what you resolve.
Frugality: Make no Expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. Waste nothing. Industry: Lose no Time. Be always employed in something useful. Cut off all unnecessary Actions. Sincerity: Use no hurtful Deceit. Think innocently and justly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly.
Justice: Wrong none, by doing Injuries or omitting the Benefits that are your Duty. Moderation: Avoid Extremes.
Forbear resenting Injuries so much as you think they deserve. Cleanliness: Tolerate no Uncleanness in Body, Clothes or Habitation. Tranquility: Be not disturbed at Trifles, or at Accidents common or unavoidable. Chastity: Rarely use but for Health or Offspring; Never to Dullness, Weakness, or the Injury of your own or another's Peace or Reputation. Humility: Imitate Jesus and Socrates.Contemporary views Virtues as emotions Marc Jackson in his book Emotion and Psyche puts forward a new development of the virtues. He identifies the virtues as what he calls the good emotions 'The first group consisting of, and is good' These virtues differ from older accounts of the virtues because they are not character traits expressed by action, but emotions that are to be felt and developed by feeling not acting.In Objectivism held that her morality, the, contained a single axiom: existence exists, and a single choice: to live.
All values and virtues proceed from these. To live, man must hold three fundamental values that one develops and achieves in life: Reason, Purpose, and Self-Esteem. A value is 'that which one acts to gain and/or keep. And the virtues are the actions by which one gains and/or keeps it.' The primary virtue in is rationality, which as Rand meant it is 'the recognition and acceptance of reason as one's only source of knowledge, one's only judge of values and one's only guide to action.'
These values are achieved by passionate and consistent action and the virtues are the policies for achieving those fundamental values. Ayn Rand describes seven virtues: rationality, productiveness, pride, independence, integrity, honesty and justice. The first three represent the three primary virtues that correspond to the three fundamental values, whereas the final four are derived from the virtue of rationality. She claims that virtue is not an end in itself, that virtue is not its own reward nor sacrificial fodder for the reward of evil, that life is the reward of virtue and happiness is the goal and the reward of life.
Man has a single basic choice: to think or not, and that is the gauge of his virtue. Moral perfection is an unbreached rationality, not the degree of your intelligence but the full and relentless use of your mind, not the extent of your knowledge but the acceptance of reason as an absolute. In modern psychology and, two leading researchers in, recognizing the deficiency inherent in 's tendency to focus on dysfunction rather than on what makes a healthy and stable, set out to develop a list of '. After three years of study, 24 traits (classified into six broad areas of virtue) were identified, having 'a surprising amount of similarity across cultures and strongly indicating a historical and cross-cultural convergence.' These six categories of virtue are courage, justice, humanity, temperance, transcendence, and wisdom. Some psychologists suggest that these virtues are adequately grouped into fewer categories; for example, the same 24 traits have been grouped into simply: Cognitive Strengths, Temperance Strengths, and Social Strengths. Vice as opposite.
See also:The opposite of a virtue is a. Vice is a habitual, repeated practice of wrongdoing. One way of organizing the vices is as the corruption of the virtues.As noted, however, the virtues can have several opposites.
Virtues can be considered the mean between two extremes, as the Latin maxim dictates in medio stat virtus - in the centre lies virtue. For instance, both cowardice and rashness are opposites of courage; contrary to prudence are both over-caution and insufficient caution; the opposites of pride (a virtue) are undue humility and excessive vanity. A more 'modern' virtue, can be considered the mean between the two extremes of narrow-mindedness on the one hand and over-acceptance on the other. Vices can therefore be identified as the opposites of virtues - but with the caveat that each virtue could have many different opposites, all distinct from each other.See also. Nitobe Inazō (2006).
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Buddhavamsa, chapter 2. For an on-line reference to the Buddhavamsa's seminality in the Theravada notion of parami, seeIn terms of other examples in the, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25), p. 454, (retrieved 2007-06-24) cites i.73 and i.84. Bodhi (2005) also mentions Acariya 's treatise in the - and the., Matthew Black, and, The Greek New Testament, 4th ed. (Federal Republic of Germany: United Bible Societies, 1993, c1979).
Lin Yu-sheng: 'The evolution of the pre-Confucian meaning of jen and the Confucian concept of moral autonomy,' Monumenta Serica, vol.31, 1974-75. ^ Yang, C.